Foreshadowing of Events in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five - Literature Essay Samples

THIS IS A NOVEL SOMEWHAT IN THE TELEGRAPHIC SCHIZOPHRENIC MANNER OF TALES OF THE PLANET TRALFAMADOREThe foreshadowing of events in Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five is as much a subtle indication of things to come as it is an expository technique whereby the major plot points of the story are blatantly spelled out as facts, leaving us to proceed through the novel and watch helplessly as each of those points is hit, in turn, as promised. In addition, however, foreshadowing is more than just a structural technique used by the narrator: it is also a defining aspect of Billy Pilgrim himself it is a part of his character, as his knowledge of future events influences his behavior throughout the story and, on a grander scale, foreshadowing is woven into the very fabric of the narrative, for this is a story in which past, present, and future intersect and all events that occur are known before they take place.Ive finished my war book now, announces the narrator perhaps Vonnegut himself, though we cannot be sure in the opening section of the novel, and already the end is in sight, for we know now that the story is told in flashback, and that the chronological sequence of events concludes with the writing of the very novel that we are reading. The narrator continues:The next one I write is going to be fun.This one is a failure, and had to be, because it was written by a pillar of salt. It begins like this:Listen:Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time.It ends like this:Poo-tee-weet?And sure enough, we turn to the next page to see the novel proper beginning with the words: Listen: Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time, and when we turn to the last page we see the novel ending with the chirping of a bird: Poo-tee-weet? Combined with the circular effect of the song of Yon Yonson, which ends as it begins and goes on forever into eternity, and with the narrators observation that Somebody was playing with the clocks The second hand on my watch would twitch once, and a year would pass and then it would twitch again we see that this is most certainly a novel structured somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore.But what exactly is that supposed to mean? On the very first page of the novel, before the story even begins, we are told of the planet Tralfamadore as if its nature should already be known to us, yet only when we are informed that it is where the flying saucers come from are we then able to infer that it is a place with a civilization that is of some consequence to the story for we infer also that if the flying saucers are coming from Tralfamadore, they must also be going to another place, presumably Earth; but still, these inferences and impressions are as much as we can deduce from this abrupt introduction to Tralfamadore. Similarly, we see that the novel is subtitled The Childrens Crusade why, we do not know. Neither of these things has any significance to the story the first time they ar e brought to our attention, but later, when they are explained as the planet on which the fourth-dimension aliens reside and as the title that the narrator promises his friend Mary he will use for his book, respectively in retrospect, their significance becomes great. In addition to the method of foreshadowing already discussed, the novels foreshadowing now also takes a form more subtle than the spelling out of certain events, based upon assumption of knowledge already held rather than the exposition of knowledge not yet attained. In this instance, instead of candidly telling us what will happen in the novel, the narrator speaks of things that have already happened, thus foreshadowing their eventual occurrence later in the story. Vonneguts dual use of both major, precognitive foreshadowing and of minor, retrospective foreshadowing is not a common technique to use for foreshadowing in particular or for fiction in general unless you happen to come from Tralfamadore.The most impo rtant thing I learned on Tralfamadore, Billy Pilgrim writes in a letter, was that when a person dies he only appears to die. He is still very much alive in the past. All moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, always will exist. [The Tralfamadorians] can see how permanent the moments are, and they can look at any moment that interests them. The style of the novel, therefore, reflects the perspectives of the Tralfamadorians, telling us about future events in one instance and then presuming that we have already been told about them in another; sometimes specifically stating what will take place in the future a more active foreshadowing technique and sometimes assuming that events that will take place in the future have already happened and that we know about them, and proceeding from there to talk about them as if they were familiar to us a more passive foreshadowing technique. The effect of these two types of foreshadowing is a general feeling of ambivalence t oward the future, largely empty of any kind of emotional connection to events that have yet to occur.His name was Howard W. Campbell, Jr. He would later hang himself while awaiting trial as a war criminal the future is written, and is inevitable, and so it goes. Billy predicts his own death within an hour. He laughs about it, invited the crowd to laugh with him. It is high time I was dead, he says. Many years ago, he said, a certain man promised to have me killed. Tonight he will keep his promise' and he does, and Billy goes down just as he said he would, and his death is expected, planned, premeditated, inevitable, and so it goes. We infer this not only from the words Billy uses, but from the change in tense on the narrators part: Billy says It is high time I was dead, but he said Many years ago, a certain man promised to have me killed; we move from the present into the past within the space of a single sentence. Other instances of foreshadowing rest on a similar level of subtlety: Billy has gone to sleep a senile widower and awakened on his wedding day and Billy sat down in the waiting room. He wasnt a widower yet not yet, but now we know that he will be, and, when the time comes that he is a widower, we expect it to happen, and the event is once again imbued with a sense of inevitability, and is therefore drained of the emotional power that spontaneity would otherwise bring. So it goes, notes the narrator anytime anyone or anything dies. Death is not a significant event but is instead a mere formality, and this thinking reflects not only the thoughts of the Tralfamadorians, but also those of the confused and bewildered and desensitized American soldiers who, like the narrator, were are will be caught by surprise in the bombing of Dresden. Except one.Billy, with his memories of the future, knew that the city would be smashed to smithereens and then burned in about thirty more days. He knew, too, that most of the people watching him would soon be dead. So it goes. Yet as Billy marches through the streets of Dresden, he is part of a light opera or more than that, Billy Pilgrim was the star [of the light opera]. Earlier or later during his time in the Tralfamadorian zoo, Billy asks the Tralfamadorians why they dont have war on their planet. Today we [have peace], a Tralfamadorian tells him. On other days we have wars as horrible as any youve ever seen or read about. There isnt anything we can do about them once again, emotional detachment from an inevitable future influences the behavior of this character and the narrators attitude towards him (or it) so we simply dont look at [wars]. We ignore them. Thats one thing Earthlings might learn to do: Ignore the awful times, and concentrate on the good ones.What we have in Billy Pilgrim, then, is a character who is foreshadowing incarnate, who, with memories of the future, is able to look at a soon-to-be-decimated city with a smile on his face while acting like a star instead of taking the opportunity to warn the citizens of that city about the inevitability of their fate. The actions of this character are then related to us by a third-party observer who earlier described himself as a pillar of salt, alluding to the Biblical tale of Lots wife and therefore painting himself with the same brush as one who cannot help but look back and reflect on the past. This then equates to a structure in which we have, firstly, the observation that in addition to being a novelistic technique on the part of the narrator, foreshadowing is also a character trait that impresses itself upon the very essence of Billy Pilgrim, whose knowledge of what will take place is an influence on the things he does and does not choose to do; and secondly, a comparison between those individuals who look at the world the way the Tralfamadorians do, and those who do not: the narrator, a figure in the present, forever concentrates his thoughts on the past, and he is contraste d against Billy, a figure in the past, whose memories of the future allow him to concentrate his thoughts not on Dresden, even though he is there when it is about to be bombed, but on the good times, and the light opera is a good time, and this ability to choose which events to concentrate on allows him to smile and act like a star even though he knows what this city has coming to it. With events being foreshadowed in Billy Pilgrims actual personal chronological timeline in turn influencing the essence of his character, as well as events being foreshadowed in terms of the order of events in which the narrator introduces us to his character, Billy is able to escape from the misery of Dresden into happier times while on the other hand the narrator, even though he lives in happier times in the present with his old friends, still cannot, nor will ever be able to, escape the misery of Dresden, and the misery of the past.The past, by necessity, defines the entire novel and gives it a fra mework around which it is structured, and moreover, it allows for foreshadowing in general: future events in a novel of this sort are meaningless without some past indication of the importance of their occurrence; otherwise, it would be nothing more than a straightforward account of real life, and the story of a man who has come unstuck in time is anything but realistic. The very first chapter, for instance, outlines the novel as a whole, with a vague, passive reference to the slaughterhouse given the way the subject is treated with such familiarity, the narrator assumes we have made at least some acquaintance with the subject, and because we know we have not yet, we expect to be acquainted with it later on and the specific, active statement that One guy I knew really was shot in Dresden for taking a teapot that wasnt his, which doesnt pay off until the very end of the novel: Edgar Derby was caught with a teapot he had taken from the catacombs. He was arrested for plundering. H e was tried and shot. The first chapter also contains a throwaway line that forecasts the appearance of a significant character: Another guy I knew really did threaten to have his personal enemies killed by hired gunmen after the war. Consider also the way that characters, too, are introduced almost as arbitrary plot elements whose only apparent function is to flesh out the story with more background detail the writer Kilgore Trout, for instance, and the actress Montana Wildhack yet they metamorphose into major players as the story progresses. But aside from gimmick value or simple evidence of design, what purpose do such introductions and such throwaway lines buried in the prose contribute to the overall effect of the novel?Consider now the way in which a Tralfamadorian novel is written and read: Each clump of symbols is a brief, urgent message describing a situation, a scene. Tralfamadorians read them all at once, not one after the other. There isnt any particular relations hip between all the messages, except that the author has chosen them carefully, so that, when seen all at once, they produce an image of life that is beautiful and surprising and deep. There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects. What [Tralfamadorians] love in [their] books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time.The plane crash in Vermont of which Billy is the only survivor is foreshadowed, referred to first simply as the plane crash and expanded upon later. Billys encounter with Montana Wildhack in the Tralfamadorian zoo is foreshadowed retrospectively when we realize that the words etched on Montana Wildhacks necklace are the same as those that are printed and framed and hung on the wall of Billy Pilgrims optometry office many years later, even though the first time we encounter them chronologically is in that same office. Billys public speeches on the subject of Tralfamadore are all foreshadowed in his letters, even if not explicitly: we know they are coming, or that they have already occurred and that we are about to have the blanks filled in. Billy can see all of these events, which is why none of them surprise him and he always plays by the rules of time: I didnt think the time was ripe, he tells his daughter when she asks him why he has never spoken about Tralfamadore to her. But the narrator and we, ourselves cannot see all of these events at one time, which is why this is a novel only somewhat in the style of the tales of Tralfamadore. Billy, however, plays along with the demands of time and fate, which is why he understands that the events he later encounters are not only inevitable, but are necessarily inevitable: things cannot happen any other way.If Slaughterhouse Five is indeed a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore then, with its myriad of throwaway lines and seemingly-insignificant characters, each of which has a pay- off later in the book although not necessarily later in the chronological sequence of events that constitute the story, Slaughterhouse Five itself might also be read in the way of Tralfamadorian novels, to produce an image of life that is beautiful and surprising and deep by concentrating the potency of each brief, urgent [scene] and the rhythm that is established by the interweaving texture they produce to the point where every significant event in the novel is, by its very nature, an instance of foreshadowing. By necessity they must all be, for they are seen through the eyes of a man for whom past, present, and future intersect, whose story is told by another man a pillar of salt who spends his days forever reflecting on the moments that have led up to his present life: moments that, had he but seen them in the way Billy Pilgrim was able to, would have been revealed to him as the foreshadowings of fate and the antithesis of the Earthling-only conception of free will that they are.

Managerial Economics ( Bus529ah1 ) - 1154 Words

Managerial Economics (BUS529AH1) Final Exam Question 1. (a). Marginal Revenue (MR) is the adjustment altogether income because of a unit change in amount. So also Marginal cost (MC) is the additional cost of producing a unit. These two ideas are extremely helpful in ideal designation of assets. Assets will mean all variables of creation utilized as a part of the generation process. Such assets are rare. So every firm will attempt to make ideal allotment of such rare assets to get most ideal result. A business is keep running with the essential goal of amplifying benefit. Along these lines ideal designation will mean appropriation of rare assets in such a way, to the point that benefit is expanded. Business sector is instrument which helps in ideal allotment of assets. On the off chance that a firm has not succeeded in upgrading its essential target of benefit boost, then assets will be moved to different zones of creation where it will be utilized all the more successfully. In this way social welfare will be streamlined. Scientifically it can be built up that profit will be augmented where Marginal revenue and Marginal cost are equivalent. Here both TR and TC relies on amount (Q). P is amplified when taking after two conditions are satisfied What’s more? And Substituting P=TR-TC,

Should Students Pay Or Not - 946 Words

Zintathu, a South African university graduate, once said â€Å"I know life is hard, but with a higher education, all things are possible.† Life is hard for people like Zintathu, who have the ability and desire to take their knowledge to the next level but have to come up struggling to make a living as well as receiving money to pay for their education. Education is widely considered as a key factor in the economic and social expansion of a country, but there are different opinions about whether students should pay or not. Some view education as a fundamental right, which should therefore be provided free, while others believe the individual student should have to carry some of the costs of his or her education. Colleges are places where students learn formal knowledge that could bring a professional life and improve society; therefore the government should make sure every student has the chance to get into a college. I believe that qualified candidates, who cannot afford col lege, should have access to free higher education. Having an education is essential for an advancing and innovating society. Yet many people don’t get the opportunity to gain a college education. Many of my friends have decided that they don’t want to go to college mainly because they know they can’t afford it. But through a college education many students have the chance to grow in knowledge and in social status. The Higher Education Act of 1965, which formed the fundamental structure for the currentShow MoreRelatedShould Students Pay For College? Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesBeing an undergraduate student and transferring from a community college I began to wonder the cost to join a university. I know that it’s rather cheaper to do the first two years at a community college rather than going straight to Kinarda university. 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Microsoft Internal And External Factors - 1652 Words

Trends Business Environment: Successful companies practice a disciplined management strategy which encompasses the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The application of these management practices is evident in further analyzing the management construct of Microsoft Corporation. A global corporation who specializes in providing technology solutions for five different business segments ranging from personal computers to gaming devices, Microsoft has demonstrated its ability to adapt to internal and external changes. Analyzing the the current internal and external factors related to the business environment of the organization. An evaluation of the business environment in which, Microsoft†¦show more content†¦Description: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the obligation of an organisation to behave in ethical and moral ways. It refers to the notion that Microsoft have a responsibility to contribute towards community development and employee happiness. Its owner Bill Gates is a renowned philanthropist having given billions of dollars to charity. The awareness of social and environmental responsibilities has helped to strengthen the company’s brand recognition and consumer loyalty. Microsoft have long been one of the leaders in the market following its benefit from positive externalities with existing products in the market. These are elements that help the company with its adoption of the current policies and procedures of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Nonetheless, Microsoft has an opportunity to improve its goods and services to address this issue. The combination of alliance and influences within the market is in favor of the company’s progression through the evol ution of their social and environmental responsibility which, displays the committed to environmentally sustainable business practices. As reflection of Microsoft’s mission to build and maintain trust through a shared commitment to ethical behavior and to act with integrity. Seeking out different ways to advance sustainability through business practices, the products and platform capabilities offered to everyone that associates with the company.Show MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors of Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagestop 500 largest companies in the United States (Time Warner Co., 2008). Being ranked no. 44 in 2008, Microsoft has increased its revenues 15.4% since 2006 because of its continued efforts to release latest technology (Time Warner Co., 2008). 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Music And Censorship Essay - 1801 Words

In our society today, some musicians and their music drain and plague the moral and spiritual well-being of the people; therefore, censorship offers a necessary action that we must take to keep the world from becoming a land of decadence. The musicians lives are not examples for the children or the adults. The lyrics of many songs are not suitable for anyone. All types of music need some kind of censorship. Censorship makes a person realize that music is good for the heart. Censorship totally makes people act better, and when thinking better, this sustains a better society. The lives of some musicians contain types of anarchy and self-gratification. Once the musicians realize that people want not just their music but them as well, they act†¦show more content†¦The song quot;Rainy Day Woman #12 and #13,quot; blatantly says that quot;everybody must get stoned.quot; That tells people to disobey the law and tells people to mangle the temple of God, our bodies by perverting it wi th drugs and stimulants. Many musicians make a mockery of their fans. The lead singers subsist to do this the most because of the vocal opportunities they have to express their discontent with life and thrust their ideas upon those who hypnotize with the musicians power position, thus, makes the listeners obey their thoughts without fully knowing. The lead singer Billie Jo, for Green Day, says to his fans, quot; Im not going to say anything f****** intelligent, Im just going too swear a whole d*** lot.quot; The Bible tells us that we should let everything that comes out of our mouth praise Him, and swearing for any reason doesnt really praise Him at all and is degrading for us as well. Almost like if he did not swear than we wouldnt like him or understand him. In addition the lead singer for Kiss would spit on his fans. He would get the crowd to spit in a spittoon-type container, and by the end of the concert, he would drink the saliva and then he would use what dwelled left in the spittoon to spit on the crowd. This creates a bad influence on anybody and makes a person believe that it justifies him to do these actions because he dwells on stage, which totally in fact creates wrong, and not right. The band would also wear face paintShow MoreRelated Censorship in Literature and Music Essay examples1860 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship in Literature and Music What is censorship? An encyclopedia defines censorship as the control of what people may say or hear, write or read, or see or do1. There are many reasons why people censor entertainment such as literature and music. Many governments or groups try to preserve their standards of morality by preventing people from learning about or following other standards2, commonly found in the two previously mentioned mediums. There are different ways to censor things.Read MoreMusic Censorship Is Not Possible Without The Color Red And For Artists1497 Words   |  6 Pagesvery impactful in how he uses the example of painting the American flag, it’s not possible without the color red and for artists to not be able to write songs using their past experiences that isn’t quite possible either. 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There have been countless debates and arguments regarding the issues of censorship ever since the U.S. Congress passed theRead MoreMusic Censorship1016 Words   |  5 PagesKevin Ung Professor Vazquez English 101 October 9, 2007 Music Censorship I enjoy and love music very much. I feel that music artists should have the right to freely express their work and I feel that I should argue about the censorship attacks on these artists. I’m tired of listening to a good song on the radio with some of the words censored. It ruins the song and I can’t stand it. Some people think that rap is a bad influence and causes the young to behave badly. But I think all this censoringRead MoreMusic Censorship1092 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment for a redress of grievances, censorship in America still exists in a big way. Music censorship is the term used to describe the act of editing, altering, or preventing the listener from hearing the music as the artist created it in order to either deny certain information or to act as a moral gatekeeper of potentially harmful material (http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~barndollar/courses/spring98/students/fabfive/index.html). The Censorship of music in the United Stated is documented as farRead MoreEssay on Music Censorship880 Words   |  4 PagesMusic Censorship The tall, lanky fifteen-year-old ambled slowly up to the counter and tossed his music selection toward the clerk. The salesman began to ring the sale up in his routine manner, but just then something caught his eye. It was a small black sticker on the corner of the CD. This sticker plainly read explicit lyrics. As the teenager fumbled through his pockets searching for a method of payment, the clerk gave him a questioning glance. Could I see some identification pleaseRead MoreCensorship in Music Essays1076 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship in Music Censorship in music has been a major problem plaguing America since the early nineteen forties. It came to a head during the nineteen sixties with the Vietnam War and the hippie movement. During the nineteen seventies and eighties heavy metal and hard rock were getting the brunt of the censorship heat. Now in the nineteen nineties the major focus of censorship is rap; primarily gangster rap. Some of the main factors of music in general that cause legal ramifications are sexualRead MoreThe Problem Of Music Censorship1280 Words   |  6 PagesAttention Getter: Imagine yourselves listening to music at a party, you’re jumping around yelling, screaming, and majority of the time singing or rapping along to whatever song is playing. Now imagine every other word, or whole verses in the song getting bleeped out frequently because of the message it presents even though you have the right to listen to whatever you so desire. This is the problem of music censorship we all face today. B. Relevance: BeingRead More Music Censorship Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesMusic Censorship Healthy debates have been caused by todays music. Generally, foul language has rapidly increased within modern popular song lyrics, especially among rap and heavy metal artists songs. An increase in explicit violence and misogyny in popular music lyrics has been recorded. These lyrics have been judged to be inspirations for violent, suicidal, and criminal acts. For example, Mr. Raymond Kuntz referred to his sons incident. When his wife went to wake their son for school, theyRead MoreMusic Censorship Essay625 Words   |  3 PagesMusic Censorship Since the being of time people have been making and listening to music. Music has been considered the best way to express ourselves. The Bible even talks about how music was used to praise God. Music has been used for all type of things ranging from to getting a girl to notice guy, trying to get over a broken heart, or maybe losing a love one. Now society says that music has become too violent and sexually oriented. Many people have different point of view on this topic some

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Media Analysis Essay Topics

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Media Analysis Essay Topics The reader ought to be impressed by the manner in which you defend your ideas. In print news, the duration of a post differs, there's also no control in pace as it is the reader who determines her or his pace. There are a lot of subjects that require analysis and they will need to get carried out in the ideal way. There are special words and word combination employed for analytical purposes which ought to be learned too. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. At first you shouldn't relate to a single source only. You should employ a significant amount of sources. The dearth of very good support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. The Little-Known Secrets to Media Analysis Essay Topics Our business is run through an administrative and management group, who co-ordinate the incoming orders. You may observe that the course of action is virtually always the exact same. Analysis paper demands full attention and devotion of a person. An analysis paper is very helpful for the non-profiting businesses. Media Analysis Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Topics can change depending on your majors. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. The Key to Successful Media Analysis Essay Topics You still must compose a mass media essayand you should begin on it pretty soon in case you want to have it done before the deadline! Studying media can be very intriguing and fascinating, although the science of media changes every time as soon as the new media source is introduced. Purposes of social networking. News purposes in social networking. Social media has revolutionized many facets of today's world. Pros and cons of social networking. Tactics to guard your privacy in social networking. Privacy issues in social networking. The Argument About Media Analysis Essay Topics As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. Furthermore, you would like to opt for an essay topic that's going to enable you to demonstrate your skills to the best of your ability. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Additionally, it depends upon the special college subject. How to Choose Media Analysis Essay Topics If you're able to analyze any book for your rhetorical assignment, choose the work you recognize well. Teachers assign the required format, but bear in mind these tips should they don't. Consider the kind of essay that you're assigned to write. Logically, t he body is the most important portion of an analysis essay. In terms of the organization of the last essay, it's wise to use a 5-paragraph structure. It's interesting that numerous students write introduction after they've written the whole paper. Students are often scared of rhetorical analysis essays because they don't know how to write them. They often find that most of their work on these essays is done before they even start writing. Literature students read a good deal. If you really need to narrow your subject, you might write about a particular individual, like a musical artist who focuses on society or culture. Media has ever been a significant part the everyday life of the society since it serves as an arbiter of the freedom of the folks. Social networking is a rising trends on the planet today. Unless you want to examine a particular sort of media like radio, TV, film or Internet, include examples from several different kinds. So, as an example, if you're writing about historic events or a social issue you don't only describe it. Identity the core issue or groups that you wish to target. The report was backe d through an ideological view point. Refer to many opposite perspectives on the issue you're writing about even if you don't support them. If don't have any urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. If you don't understand the problem, you've hardly any opportunities to succeed. It's possible to also talk about the issues that arrive with having a football program. In reality, you won't have any troubles with your academic and non-academic papers if you purchase them from us at a low-cost price.

Australian Migration Law and OMARA Practice - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.Prepare a letter of advice, in plain English, for Jeffrey in relation to the procedural, accounting and ethical requirements he would have to meet to comply with the requirements under the Migration Act 1958, the Migration Agents Regulations 1998 and the Code of Conduct in relation to being appointed by Wood Engineering as their migration agent and charging them for the work 2. What are your obligations as a registered migration agent (if any) under the Code of Conduct? Answers: Answer 1 To, Mr. Jeffrey Jacob Date: 09/08/2017 Subject: procedural, ethical, and accounting requirements for Migration Agent and requirements to make valid visa application of UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. Sir, This letter addressed the concern of Mr. Jeffery Jacob, for the purpose of providing guidance on procedural, ethical, and accounting requirements which must be comply by migration agents, and also states the requirements to make valid visa application of Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. These requirements are for those agents who are registered under Migration Act 1958. Jeffery Jacob is a registered Migration agent. Wood Engineering, civil engineering Company in Geelong, Victoria, consults with Mr. Jacob for sponsoring Ms. Josephine Ladders as a civil engineer under the Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa. Therefore, it is necessary for Jeffery to know all the procedural, ethical, and accounting requirements related to this profession. There are number of regulations which are stated by Migration Act 1958 and Migration Regulations 1998, and Migration Regulations 1994. These regulations define the rights and obligations of clients as well as migration agent. It is the duty of migration agents to perform their operation in such way which enhances the dignity of this profession. Requirements to make valid visa application: The temporary Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457) allowed the skilled workers to enter into Australia and worked for a business which is approved in Australia. Applicant must be sponsored by an approved business, and businesses are eligible to sponsor visa applicant if they are not able to find Australian citizen or any permanent resident for the purpose of performing skilled work[1]. Schedule 1 of Migration Regulations 1994 contains schedule 1223A[2], which states the process of making valid visa application of the Temporary Business Entry (Class UC) visa. Clause 1(b) of this schedule states that if applicant wants to satisfy the criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and clause (bb) does not apply on applicant then visa applicant can made the internet application, and such can be made through form 1066Employer Sponsored Workers (e457). Clause 1(ba) of this schedule states that if applicant wants to satisfy the criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and clause (bb) does not apply on applicant then applicant is not able to make application as per paragraph b in those situations which are specified by the Minister in an instrument. Clause 1(bb) of this schedule states that, in case applicant wants to satisfy the secondary criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa, and combined application is not made by applicant for the purpose of satisfying primary criteria related to this visa, then in such circumstances application can be made in the form of internet application in the form specified by minister, and such application can be made through form 1066s Employer Sponsored Workers (e457)[3]. Clause 1(bc) of this schedule states that if applicant wants to satisfy the secondary criteria for the purpose of granting Subclass 457 (Temporary Work (Skilled)) visa and clause (bb) does not apply on applicant then applicant is not able to make application as per paragraph b in those situations which are specified by the Minister in an instrument. As per Immi 13/063, clause 1 (ba) and (bc), electronic form of application is prevented by DIBP and also by Department of Immigration and Citizenships systems. For the purpose of clause 1 (ba) and (bc) Immi 13/063 states the different way of making the application: Application can be made through the form which was provided with written authorization. Such form must include the name and position number of the officer who authorize such form, and must be mailed at e457.Manual.Lodgement@border.gov.au with a copy of the authorizing email. As per clause 3 of this schedule, valid visa application can be made by applicant, who is inside or outside Australia. It must be noted that such person must not be in immigration clearance. This schedule further states that applicant who wants to satisfy the primary criteria must meet the requirements states under sub clause 457.223(2) and (4) of Schedule 2 that is: Related occupation of the applicant must be nominated, and it must be approved under section 140GB of the Act and its approval must not be ceased under regulation 2.75. Decision related to nomination must not be made under section140 GB of the Act. Person who nominated the occupation must not bar under section140M of the Act[4]. For the purpose of applying visa application, applicant must be nominated by an approved sponsor and must possess all the skill requirements. Visa applicant also required to fulfill obligations related to registration and licensing for the occupation, and must able to communicate in certain level of English. It is necessary that visa applicant must possess skills in the occupation which is approved by the government of Australia. Applicant must show the documents related to the experience of nominated occupation, and other necessary documents also which are listed in the checklist of Document for visa applicants.[5] After completing all the above requirements, agents are also bound by some ethical, procedural, and accounting requirements which are stated below: Method of notification for the purpose of providing assistance to visa applicant is described in Regulation 7G of the Migration regulations 1998[6]. Agents are responsible to provide notification to the department related to the client under section 312A[7] of the Act. Section 313 of the Act states that must provide statement of service to the assisted person, and such statement of service states all the provisions related to instructions given by client and services provided by agent. Agreement must state the fees charged from the client for the purpose of providing services, and also state the method on the basis of which fees is calculated and other amount related to disbursements[8]. Section 314 of the Act states that, Migration Agent regulations state the code of conduct for migration agents and it is the duty of migration agent to conduct their operations as per code of conduct[9]. Part 2.1 of code of conduct states that, agents must act as per the law and legitimate interest of his or her client. Agents must act in competent and fair way with the clients and with department also. This part further states that, migration agent must not deal with the client if agent would have any conflict of interest with the client. Part 2.3 of code of conduct states that, migration agent must take adequate measures for the purpose of avoiding financial loss to the client. Part 2.5 of code of conduct states that, migration agent must update their knowledge related to the Migration Act 1958, Migration Regulations1994, and other elated laws. Part 2.6 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, for the purpose of making an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations, agent must considered the objective criteria. Part 2.8 of code of conduct states that, agent must take instructions in written form from client, and act as per the instructions of the client. Part 2.11 of code of conduct states that, agent must include their registration number while advertising, and advertisement must be in English language. Part 2.18 of code of conduct states that, agent must act within reasonable time period after receiving necessary instructions. Part 2.20 of code of conduct states that, agent must charge adequate amount of fee from the client. Part 2.21 of code of conduct states that, agent must submit the application with all the necessary documents[10]. Part 3.2 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain the confidentiality and must not disclose client information. Part A of this section states that agent must provide consumer guide to client. Part 3.3 of code of conduct states that, agent must inform the client that they are entitled to receive the copy of application and other documents. Part 3.4 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain contact details and address of the client[11]. Part 6.1 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain proper records of the documents related to client for the period of at least 7 years[12]. Part 11.3 of code of conduct states that, contract between agent and client must contain the provisions related to code of conduct[13]. Financial obligations of agent: Part 2.20 of code of conduct states that, agent must charge adequate amount of fee from the client. Part 5.2 of code of conduct states that, agent must inform the client about the charges and estimate time for processing the application. Part 5.4 of code of conduct states that, agent must inform the client about the method of calculating the fees. Part 5.5 of code of conduct states that, agent must know about the effect of section 313 of the Act that agent is not entitled to receive the fee if they did not provide service agreement to the client[14]. Part 7.1 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain separate account with financial institution, and part A of this section states account of the client must be included in the name of the financial institution. Part 7.2 of code of conduct states that, agent must hold particular amount in the account of client for agreed block of work. Part 7.4 of code of conduct states that, agent must maintain all the financial records of thee client which includes date and amount related to each deposit, etc. Part 7.6 of code of conduct states that, in case agent work with client on the basis of refund policy then it is the duty of agent to take adequate steps to refund the amount of client[15]. Regulation 2.126 states the factors related to first installment of visa application charge. Following are the charges of Class UC sub-class 457 Temporary Business Entry visa[16], and other disbursement fees and professional fees: Product Quantity Price UC457 Temporary Work (Skilled) 1 $ 1080 GST - 0 Translating services - $ 220 English language and courier fees - $500 Other services - $1000 Professional fees - $1000 Total - $ 3800 Thank You Answer 2 In the present case, Josephine reported to Mr. Jacob that she is not receiving the same payment which is stated in her contract with wood engineering. Wood engineering paid her amount which is less than the amount stated in contract. Jeffery contacted to wood Engineering for the purpose of confirming this information, and company stated that this information is true. As per code of conduct of migration agents, Mr. Jacob has various obligations towards the Josephine and these obligations are stated below: Part 2.6 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, for the purpose of making an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations, agent must considered the objective criteria. This part further states that agent must be frank and true about the chances of success while assessing the request of the client in preparing a case or filing an application under Migration Act or Migration Regulations[17]. In other words, agent must give fair and true advice to the client about the chances of success of visa application made by client while preparing and analyzing the facts of the case of the client. Part 2.7 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, in case client seeks opinion from the migration agent related to the chances of successful result of the visa application made by client, then agent must give written advice to the client. Such advice must be given in reasonable time period. It must be noted that agent can also give oral advice to the client, but only when oral advice given by agent is similar to the written advice. This part further states that migration agent must not hold any fake or unjustified chances of success while making advice to the client on visa application made by client[18]. Part 2.17 of Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2 states that, in case visa application made by client is exasperating or grossly unfounded then it is the duty of registered migration agent that he must not encourage the client for the purpose of making application, and must give written advice to the client that in his opinion application made by client is exasperating or grossly unfounded. Even after taking these measures, client wants to make visa application under Migration Act and Migration Regulations then agent must take written acknowledgment from the client related to the advice given under paragraph (b) of this part[19]. It must be noted that Section 306AC of the Act states that minister has power to make reference of registered migration agent to the Authority for the purpose of making disciplinary action in case refusal rates related to visa application of specific class of that agent are high[20]. Therefore, Jeffery can help the Josephine by ensuring the above mentioned provisions, and he can also help her by providing the fair advice. Mr. Jacob is also under obligation to inform the department about this matter. BIBLIOGRAPHY Websites DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457), https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-#tab-content-1, Accessed on 11th August 2017. FRL, Forms, Fees, Circumstances, and different way of making an application, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C01005, Accessed o 11th August 2017. Migration Act 1958- Section 140. DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) Visa (Subclass 457) Document Checklist For Visa Applicants, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-/Temporary-Work-(Skilled)-visa-(subclass-457)-document-checklist-for-visa-applicants, Accessed on 11th August 2017. DIBP, Global visa processing times, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-, Accessed on 11th August 2017. Statutes Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2. Migration Regulations 1994 - Schedule 1. Migration Act 1958. [1] DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) visa (subclass 457), https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-#tab-content-1, Accessed on 11th August 2017. [2] Migration Regulations 1994 - Schedule 1. [3] FRL, Forms, Fees, Circumstances, and different way of making an application, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C01005, Accessed o 11th August 2017. [4] Migration Act 1958- Section 140. [5] DIBC, Temporary Work (Skilled) Visa (Subclass 457) Document Checklist For Visa Applicants, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-/Temporary-Work-(Skilled)-visa-(subclass-457)-document-checklist-for-visa-applicants, Accessed on 11th August 2017. [6] Migration Regulations 1998- Regulation 7G. [7] Migration Act 1958- Section 312A. [8] Migration Act 1958- Section 313. [9] Migration Act 1958- Section 314. [10] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 2. [11] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 3. [12] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 6. [13] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 11. [14] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 5. [15] Migration Agent Regulations 1958 Schedule 2- part 7. [16] DIBP, Global visa processing times, https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/457-, Accessed on 11th August 2017. [17] Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2- Part 2.6. [18] Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2- Part 2.7. [19] Migration Agent Regulations 1998 Schedule 2- Part 2.17. [20] Migration Act 1958- Section 306.